Madiha Khan  ( Department of Operative Dentistry. )
Saqib Habib  ( Department of Operative Dentistry. )
Robia Ghafoor  ( Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. )

Objective: To evaluate variations in the shape, diameter, length and width of the nasopalatine canal along with the width of the buccal cortical bone anterior to it, using cone beam computed tomography imaging.

 

Methods: The retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from September to October 2020, and comprised pre-existing cone beam computed tomography scans taken between 2015 and 2020 of patients of either gender aged 18-60 years who had maxillary central incisors present. The shapes and dimensions of the nasopalatine canal were observed along with the buccal bone anterior to the nasopalatine canal. Data was compared with respect to age and gender. Data was analysed using SPSS 23.

 

Results: Of the 90 scans evaluated, 46(51.1%) belonged to females with a mean age of 37.85±18.19 years, and 44(48.9%) belonged to males with a mean age of 38.07±13.58 years. The mean length and width of the nasopalatine canal was 11.28±1.90mm and 2.62±0.91mm, respectively. The nasopalatine canal was significantly longer (p<0.01) and wider (p=0.02) in males than females. The mean diameter of foramen of Stenson was 2.99±1.17mm and incisive foramen was 6.09±1.80mm. The mean width of the buccal cortical bone at the most coronal, middle and most incisal levels was 7.20±1.70mm, 6.12±1.31mm and 6.12±1.31mm, respectively. Buccal bone width was wider in males than females, but the difference was significant only at the midpoint (p<0.05).

 

Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the dimensions of the width and length of the NPC with respect to gender. No significant differences were observed with respect to age.

 

Keywords: Cone beam computed tomography, Nasopalatine canal, Pakistani population.

(JPMA 73: 49; 2023) DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.5379

 

Submission completion date: 17-11-2021 — Acceptance date: 27-08-2022

 

Introduction

 

The nasopalatine canal (NPC) is located in the premaxilla and connects the nasal and oral cavities.1 The nasal opening of this canal is named the foramen of Stenson, whereas the oral opening is termed the incisive foramen.1 Within this canal lies the nasopalatine nerve and sphenopalatine artery, which supply the premaxilla and the palatal area of the maxillary mucosa.1

There are several important clinical considerations associated with NPC.1 Firstly, the incisive foramen serves as a landmark for the incisive nerve block, which can anesthetise six maxillary anterior teeth, a useful technique for restorative dental procedures.1 Additionally, this canal is associated with the nasopalatine cyst, which is the most common non-odontogenic cyst of the oral cavity.1 It is important to note that the nasopalatine cyst is liable to being misdiagnosed as an endodontic pathosis when the normal variations of the canal anatomy are not considered.1,2 Moreover, the NPC is of considerable importance when dental implants are placed in the anterior maxilla.3 Dental implants are commonly used to replace missing maxillary central incisors, which is a highly demanding area with respect to aesthetics.3 A commonly encountered challenge while placing the dental implant in the anterior maxilla is the increased risk of perforating the NPC,1,3 which may cause intraoperative haemorrhage and transient sensory alterations of the anterior palate.4 However, a more serious problem is encountered when the implant surface contacts the soft tissue contents of the NPC, instead of being surrounded by sound bone, thereby compromising osseointegration.4 To counter this problem, procedures including enucleation, insertion of a bone graft, guided bone regeneration (GBR) or positioning of the implant directly into the canal have been suggested in literature.5-14

Considering the need for surgical interventions, a classification of the morphology of NPC was suggested by Bornstein et al.11 They observed that the canal may exist as a single connection between the oral and nasal cavities, as two separate canals, or as variation of the Y-shape. Additionally, they suggested that a single NPC is most favourable for the aforementioned surgical interventions, such as bone grafting and surgical enucleation.11

Literature has highlighted the need to better understand the morphological and anatomical variations of the NPC with respect to surgical interventions.7-11 Recently, with the advent of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), a three-dimensional (3D) understanding of anatomical variations has become possible.7 As a result, studies have consistently shown variations with respect to age, gender and ethnicity.7 Al-Amery et al. observed the shape and dimensions of the NPC which varied significantly with respect to gender, age and ethnicity.6 Hakbilen et al. concluded that more care should be taken in females, elderly and edentulous patients in the intervention of this area.12 However, as per our knowledge, these ethnic variations have not been accounted for in the Pakistani population. Therefore, the current study was planned to fill this gap by evaluating the dimensional variations of the NPC (shape, diameter and length) along with the width of the buccal bone on CBCT scans.

 

Materials and Methods

 

The retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, from September to October 2020, and comprised pre-existing CBCT scans taken between 2015 and 2020 of patients of either gender aged 18-60 years who had maxillary central incisors present. Data was collected using non-probability consecutive sampling technique from the departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Orthodontics and Operative Dentistry and Endodontics after obtaining exemption from the institutional ethics review committee. Scans with artifacts, impacted teeth, severe malocclusion, pathology of the premaxilla (cyst, tumour, cleft palate), pathology of the central incisors (radiolucency, radioopacity, root resorption) and surgical intervention in the premaxilla were excluded.

The sample size was calculated using the World Health Organisation (WHO) calculator while using mean NPC diameter 3.85±1.32mm.6,15 Absolute precision was set at 30% and confidence level at 95%. The sample size was inflated by 20%.

Demographic data was retrieved using medical record number. All CBCT scans had been carried out using the ORTHOPHOSXG 3D ready/CEPH (SIRONA XG 3D) operating at 60 kV-90kV/ 3mA-6mA, image volume 8x8cm, the voxel size was 0.2mm, scanning time was 14 seconds and exposure time was 2-5 seconds. The images of the scans had been saved in digital software SIDEXIS XG 2.63 (Sirona Dental Systems). The images of scan were viewed using GALAXIS version 1.9 (SICAT GmbH & Co. KG, Bonn, Germany) on a desktop monitor HP (Hewlett-Packard) Elite Display E271i 27-inch IPS (In- Plane Switching) LED (Light Emitting Diode) backlit monitor, with the resolution of 1920 x 1080 at 60Hz in a well-lit room with contrast static 1000:1, and dynamic 5,000,000:1. All the measurements were taken once by the primary investigator. The same scans were then re-evaluated by another investigator under the same conditions. Both measurements were noted down on separate proformas.

The centre of the canal was first located in the axial view. This point was simultaneously visualised in the sagittal image window. All measurements were taken on this sagittal section.

The location of the incisive foramen was measured by a line drawn from the most anteroinferior point on the labial cortical plate of the maxillary bone to the labial border of the incisive foramen (line IL, Figure-1).16

The diameter of the incisive foramen was measured by drawing a line between the anterior and posterior points of the incisive foramen (line ID, Figure-1). The diameter of the foramen of Stenson was measured using the anterior nasal spine as a fixed anatomical reference point, joining the most anterior and posterior points of the foramen (line FS, Figure-1)

Subsequently, the length of the NPC was measured by a line drawn from the mid points of foramen of Stenson and incisive foramen (line NL, Figure-1). The diameter of the NPC was recorded at the mid-point of the length (line ND, Figure-1).

The thickness of the buccal cortical bone was marked at three points, as described in literature.16 The first measurement was taken at the level of the nasal spine, from the tip of the nasal spine to the length of the NPC (line B1, Figure-1). This line was drawn so that it was perpendicular to the length of the NPC. The remaining two buccal bone measurements were marked parallel to this line. Secondly, the width of the buccal bone of the maxilla was marked from the most anteroinferior point of the buccal bone to the length of the NPC (line B3, Figure-1). The width at the mid-point of these two lines was then measured (line B2, Figure-1).

 

The shape of the NPC was evaluated according to a classification by Bornstein et al., in a coronal view (Figure-2).11,17 To determine the appropriate coronal section (frontal view) of the canal, the "slider tilt" tool was used to alter the axial inclination of the canal on the sagittal image section until a coronal slice showing the entire length of the canal was observed. The canal was then classified in the coronal view as a single canal, Type A; two parallel canals, Type B; or a variation of the Y-type of canal, with one oral opening (incisive foramen) and two or more nasal openings (foramina of Stenson), Type C.

 

Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for the length and diameter of NPC, the width of buccal bone, and position of the incisive foramen. Data normality was assessed using Shapiro-Wilk test. An Independent-t test was used to compare the differences across age and gender in the numerical parameters, which included incisive foramen location, length and diameter of the NPC, diameter of the incisive foramen, diameter of the foramen of Stenson, and width of the buccal bone at three levels. Chi-square test was applied for the association of the canal shape with respect to gender and age. P< 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.

 

Results

 

Of the 148 CBCT scans evaluated, 58(39%) had to be excluded due to the absence of central incisors 9(15.5%), poor image quality of the scan 14(24.1%), lack of visibility of the nasal floor in the scans 12(20.7%), presence of artifacts 2(3.5%), presence of orthodontic appliance 9(15.5%) and the presence of implants in the anterior maxilla 12(20.7%).

The 90(61%) scans that were analysed belonged to patients with mean age 38.07±13.58 years (range: 18-60 years). Of the total scans, 46(51.1%) belonged to females with a mean age of 37.85±18.19 years, and 44(48.9%) belonged to males with a mean age of 38.07±13.58 years. In terms of age, 54(60%) scans belonged to those aged 18-40 years, while 36(40%) belonged to those aged 41-60 years.

The mean length and width of NPC was 11.28±1.90mm and 2.62±0.91mm, respectively. The mean diameter of foramen of Stenson was 2.99±1.17mm and incisive foramen was 6.09±1.80mm.

The mean buccal bone dimensions were comparatively larger at the most nasal level (B1) 7.20±1.70mm, followed by the most oral level (B3) 7.16±1.71mm. The midpoint of these two levels (B2) measured a mean of 6.12±1.31mm (Table-1). Type A was the most commonly reported canal type 79(87.8%), followed by Type C 11(12.2%). There were no Type B canals and no significant variations in frequency of canal shape with respect to gender (p>0.05).

 

All the dimensions assessed were greater in males than in females. The NPC was significantly longer (p<0.01) and wider (p=0.02) in males than females. Additionally, the thickness of the buccal bone assessed at three levels was also greater in males than in females, but the difference was only significant at the midpoint of the buccal cortical plate (Buccal Bone 2, p=0.02).

The diameter of the incisive foramen and foramen of Stenson decreased with increasing age, while the NPC length and diameter appeared to increase with increasing age even though none of the age-related differences were statistically significant (Table-2).

 

Discussion

 

The roots of the maxillary incisors are usually closely approximated to the NPC, which necessitates the use of 3D radiographic evaluation in this anatomical region for the planning of procedures, such as dental implant placement.4 The findings of the present study emphasised the importance of the NPC and its variations in Pakistani population.

Since the anterior maxilla is an aesthetically demanding area, it poses its own challenges to the clinician. Placing the implant in the ideal position may breach the integrity of NPC.4,18 Alkanderi et al. evaluated the risk of NPC perforation on CBCT scans by placing virtual implants to replace maxillary incisors in the ideal aesthetic location.13 They concluded the risk to be 8%, of which 28% perforations were avoided by placing smaller implants.13 Moreover, several attempts have been made to use the NPC as a buttress for implant insertion after the enucleation and augmentation of the canal.8 Considering the nature of this surgical intervention, Bornstein et al. deduced that a Type A canal allows for most predictable surgical outcomes.8,11 In the present study, Type A canal was most frequently observed, followed by Type C. There were no Type B canals observed. This was similar to the results of Bornstein et al. and Sekerci et al.11,19 However, Khojastepour et al. and Safi et al. found Type C canals to be the most common, followed by Type A.7,20 These differences can be attributed to the ethnic variations in NPC morphology.

Moreover, in the current study, both the length and the diameter of the NPC was significantly greater in males than females, which is in line with observations noted in other studies.6,7,13 In the present study, the buccal cortical plate was assessed at three levels, all of which showed a wider measurement for males than females, but this difference was significant only at the mid-level of the buccal plate. Some studies found no significant difference in the buccal bone width of males and females.14,16,21 However, others reported a significantly wider buccal bone in males than in females.11,7,6

The resent study reported no significant difference in all the parameters assessed with respect to age, which was also observed in previous studies.16,20,22 However, one study reported a significant increase in the diameter of the NPC and its nasal and palatal openings with increasing age.11 Additionally, a significant decrease in buccal bone dimensions with age was observed, which the authors attributed to bone resorption from the lingual aspect of the buccal cortical plate.11 However, this difference may be attributed to the inclusion of both edentulous patients, rather than as a result of a true age change. The current study was restricted to dentate patients, since immediate implant placement is preferred in the anterior maxilla.

Mraiwa et al. and Mardinger et al. used computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the morphological variations in NPC,16,21 whereas CBCT scans were used in the current study. The similarity in the results highlights the effectiveness of CBCT as an imaging tool, which has the advantage of a lower radiation dose exposure than CT scans. Although ethnic variations of canal morphology are likely, a lack of standardisation of imaging positions during assessment may also have led to differences amongst studies using CBCT images. Therefore, the current study describes the process of selecting the sagittal section, allowing for a more transparent and repeatable methodology. Additionally, the anterior nasal spine, a fixed anatomical landmark, was used as a reference point to standardise the measurements on CBCT sections, which adds to the strength of the study.

The current study has its limitations as it was done at a single centre. Additionally, the inter-racial variations within the population were not accounted for.

Despite the limitations, the current study is the first to demonstrate the morphological and dimensional variations of NPC in a Pakistani population. Considering the findings related to NPC variations, a pre-operative CBCT evaluation of NPC is recommended before surgical intervention.

 

Conclusion

 

Type A single-canal shape was the most common finding. Moreover, the length and diameter of NPC along with the foramen of Stenson and incisive foramen were significantly smaller in females than males. Similarly, the buccal bone width dimensions were also smaller in females than males, but this was not statistically significant. There was no significant age-related changes observed in these parameters.

 

Disclaimer: The Abstract was presented in the Poster session at the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) General Session, 2021 which was held virtually.

 

Conflict of Interest: None.

 

Source of Funding: None.

 

References

1.      Lake S, Iwanaga J, Kikuta S, Oskouian RJ, Loukas M, Tubbs RS. The incisive canal: a comprehensive review. Cureus. 2018; 10:11-8. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3069.

2.      Suter VG, Büttner M, Altermatt HJ, Reichart PA, Bornstein MM. Expansive nasopalatine duct cysts with nasal involvement mimicking apical lesions of endodontic origin: a report of two cases. J Endod. 2011; 37:1320-6. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.05.041.

3.      Hof M, Pommer B, Ambros H, Jesch P, Vogl S, Zechner W. et al. Does timing of implant placement affect implant therapy outcome in the aesthetic zone? A clinical, radiological, aesthetic, and patient-based evaluation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2015; 17:1188–99. doi: 10.1111/cid.12212.

4.      Testori, T, Weinstein, T, Scutellà, F, Wang HL, Zucchelli G. Implant placement in the esthetic area: criteria for positioning single and multiple implants. Periodontol.2018; 77:176–96.

5.      Groenendijk E, Staas TA, Bronkhorst E, Raghoebar GM, Meijer GJ. Immediate implant placement and provisionalization: aesthetic outcome 1 year after implant placement. a prospective clinical multicenter study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2020; 22:193-200.

6.      Al-Amery SM, Nambiar P, Jamaludin M, John J, Ngeow WC. Cone beam computed tomography assessment of the maxillary incisive canal and foramen: considerations of anatomical variations when placing immediate implants. PLoS One. 2015; 10:273-81.

7.      Khojastepour L, Haghnegahdar A, Keshtkar M. Morphology and dimensions of nasopalatine canal: a radiographic analysis using cone beam computed tomography. J Dent. 2017; 18:244-50.

8.      Peñarrocha M, Carrillo C, Uribe R, García B. The nasopalatine canal as an anatomic buttress for implant placement in the severely atrophic maxilla: a pilot study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009; 24:936-42.

9.      Urban I, Jovanovic SA, Buser D, Bornstein MM. Partial lateralization of the nasopalatine nerve at the incisive foramen for ridge augmentation in the anterior maxilla prior to placement of dental implants: a retrospective case series evaluating self-reported data and neurosensory testing. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2015; 35:169–77. doi: 10.11607/prd.2168.

10.    Artzi Z, Nemcovsky CE, Bitlitum I, Segal P. Displacement of the incisive foramen in conjunction with implant placement in the anterior maxilla without jeopardizing vitality of nasopalatine nerve and vessels: a novel surgical approach. Clin Oral Implants Res: Novel development. 2000; 11:505-10.

11.    Bornstein MM, Scarfe WC, Vaughn VM, Jacobs R. Cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: a systematic review focusing on guidelines, indications, and radiation dose risks. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2014; 29:55-77.

12.    Hakbilen S, Magat G. Evaluation of anatomical and morphological characteristics of the NPCNPC in a Turkish population by cone beam computed tomography. Folia morphologica. 2018; 77:527-35. doi: 10.5603/FM.a2018.0013.

13.    Alkanderi A, AlSakka Y, Koticha T, Li J, Masood F, López del Amo FS, et al. Incidence of nasopalatine canal perforation in relation to virtual implant placement: A cone beam computed tomography study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2020; 22:77-83.

14.    Liang X, Jacobs R, Martens W, Hu Y, Adriaensens P, QuirynenM, et al.Macro and micro-anatomical, histological and computed tomography scan characterization of the nasopalatine canal. J Clin Periodontol. 2009; 36:598–603.

15.    Lwanga SK, Lemeshow S. World Health Organization. Sample size determination in health studies: a practical manual. Ganeva: World Health Organization, 1991.

16.    Mraiwa N, Jacobs R, Van Cleynenbreugel J, Sanderink G, Schutyser F, Suetens P, et al. The nasopalatine canal revisited using 2D and 3DCT imaging. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2014; 33:396–402.

17.    Bornstein MM, Balsiger R, Sendi P, Arx TV. Morphology of the nasopalatine canal and dental implant surgery: a radiographic analysis of 100 consecutive patients using limited cone-beam computed tomography. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 22:295-301.

18.    Lake S, Iwanaga J, Kikuta S, Oskouian RJ, Loukas M, Tubbs RS. The incisive canal: a comprehensive review. Cureus. 2018l; 10:220-31.

19.    Sekerci AE, Buyuk SK, Cantekin K. Cone-beam computed tomographic analysis of the morphological characterization of the nasopalatine canal in a pediatric population. Surgical Radiolog Anat. 2014; 36:925-32. doi: 10.1007/s00276-014-1271-0.

20.    Safi Y, Moshfeghi M, Rahimian S, Kheirkhahi M, EslamiManouchehri M. Assessment of nasopalatine canal anatomic variations using cone beam computed tomography in a group of Iranian population. Iranian J Radiol. 2017; 14:110-5.

21.    Mardinger O, Namani-Sadan N, Chaushu G, Schwartz-Arad D. Morphologic changes of the nasopalatine canal related to dental implantation: a radiologic study in different degrees of absorbed maxillae. J Periodontol. 2008;79:1659-62.

22.    Tözüm TF, Güncü GN, Yıldırım YD, Yılmaz HG, Galindo-Moreno P, Velasco-Torres M, et al. Evaluation of maxillary incisive canal characteristics related to dental implant treatment with computerized tomography: a clinical multicenter study. J Periodontol. 2012;83:337-43. doi: 10.1902/jop.2011.110326.